THE  EFFECT  OF  SOIL  MOISTURES  AND 
OF  TEMPERATURES  ON  THE  GERMINATION 
AND  GROWTH  OF  VARIETIES  OF  WHEAT 


JOHN  HENRY  MacGILLIVRAY 

B.S.  University  of  Illinois,  1921 


THESIS 

SUBMITTED  IN  PARTIAL  FULFILLMENT  OF  THE  REQUIREMENTS 
FOR  THE  DEGREE  OF  MASTER  OF  SCIENCE  IN  BOTANY 
IN  THE  GRADUATE  SCHOOL  OF  THE  UNIVERSITY 
OF  ILLINOIS,  1922 


URBANA,  ILLINOIS 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 

in  2015 


https://archive.org/details/effectofsoilmoisOOmacg 


Nut 


UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 


THE  GRADUATE  SCHOOL 


May  23 


192  2 


J HEREBY  RECOMMEND  THAI’  THE  THESIS  PREPARED  UNDER  MY 
SUPERVISION  BY_  John  Henry  MacGillivray-. — 

ENTITLED,  The  Effect  of  Soil  Moistures  and  of  Temperatures 
on  the  Germination  and  Growth  of  Varieties  of  Wheat. 

BE  ACCEPTED  AS  FULFILLING  THIS  PART  OF  THE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR 
THE  degree  OF Master  of  Science. 


Head  of  Department 


Recommendation  concurred  in* 


Committee 


on 


Final  Examination* 


Required  for  doctor’s  degree  but  not  for  master’s 


488843 


. 


1 


Table  of  Contents. 


I,  Introduction, 

II,  Materials  and  Methods, 

III,  The  Effect  of  Soil  Moistures  and  of  Temperatures  on 
Ten  Varieties  of  Wheat, 

a.  Ten  per  cent  soil  moisture. 

b.  Twenty  per  cent  soil  moisture. 

c.  Thirty  per  cent  soil  moisture. 

d.  Forty  per  cent  soil  moisture. 

e.  Fifty  per  cent  soil  moisture. 

IV,  The  Effect  of  Different  Soil  Moistures  and  of  Temperat- 

ures on  Each  Variety  of  Wheat. 

a.  Dawson’s  Golden  Chaff. 

b.  Illinois  No,  1, 

c.  Marquis. 

d.  Red  Cross. 

e.  Turkey  Red. 

f.  Gladden. 

g.  Indiana.  Swamp. 

h.  Michigan  Amber. 

i.  Red  Wave. 

j.  World's  Champion, 


V,  Discussion, 

VI,  Conclusions, 

VII,  Bibliography 


2 


I INTRODUCTION. 

Numerous  experiments  have  teen  conducted  to  determine  the 
effect  of  the  enviroment,  more  especially  of  soil  moisture  and  of 
temperature,  on  germination  and  growth.  These  are  among  the  more 
important  factors  with  which  the  ecologist  has  to  deal,  and  a 
knowledge  of  the  growth  response  of  plants  to  these  factors  is  of 
great  practical  value  to  the  agriculturist  in  the  selection  of 
varieties  suitable  to  the  prevailing  climatic  factors  of  temp- 
erature and  of  moisture  in  a certain  locality. 

An  examination  of  the  records  of  wheat  yields,  brings  to 
one’s  attention  the  great  variation  in  yields  of  the  same 
variety  from  year  to  year  and  of  different  varieties  under 
similar  conditions  in  the  same  year.  In  the  case  of  Illinois  No.  1 
grown  at  Urbana  during  the  period  of  1914-1918  we  find  an  aver- 
age of  29.3  bu.  (4),  while  the  high  and  low  yields  were  43.1  and 
13.9  bu.  respectively.  This  is  not  an  extreme  case  as  similar 
results  will  be  found  for  a number  of  varieties  of  both  winter 
and  spring  wheats.  In  a state  like  Illinois  extending  north  and 
south  thru  three  growth  zones,  it  is  not  surprising  that  a 
variety  may  yield  high  in  one  part  of  the  state  and  low  in  an- 
other. In  comparing  the  northern  and  southern  districts,  the  form- 
er has  an  average  rainfall  of  33.99  inches  for  the  year,  the 
latter  43.28  inches  (20).  The  rainfall  from  March  to  August  for 
the  northern  district  is  20.56  inches,  for  the  southern  23.08 
inches.  The  northern  district  has  a yearly  temperature  average  of 
47.2  degrees  F.  and  the  southern,  57.9  degrees  F.  During  the 
summer  months  the  northern  district  has  an  average  of  70.4 
degrees  F.,  the  southern,  77.4  degrees  F. 


. 

, 


« 

. . 


■ 


, 


• 

, 

. 

I 


, 


3 


In  this  work  ten  varieties  of  wheat  grown  in  Illinois  have 
heen  studied.  Two  of  these,  Illinois  Ho.  1 and  Marquis,  are 
spring  wheats.  The  eight  others,  Dawson’s  Golden  Chaff,  Red 
Cross,  Turkey  Red,  Gladden,  Indiana  Swamp,  Michigan  Amber,  Red 
Wave,  and  World’s  Champion  are  winter  wheats.  Of  these  Illinois 
Ho.  1,  Marquis,  Turkey  Red,  Gladden,  Indiana  Swamp,  Michigan 
Amber,  and  World’s  Champion  are  what  are  usually  termed  hard, 

Red  Cross  and  Red  Wave  medium,  and  Dawson's  Golden  Chaff  soft 
wheat . 

II  MATERIALS  AND  METHODS. 

The  ten  varieties  of  wheat  were  grown  in  galvanized  iron 
containers,  seven  inches  deep  and  four  inches  square.  White 
quartz  sand  free  from  organic  matter  was  used.  100  grams  of 
this  sand  will  weight  when  saturated  with  water  121  grams.  Soil 
moistures  of  10,  20,  30,  40,  and  50  per  cent  saturation  were 

prepared.  The  water  used  was  University  tap  water  (28).  The 

sand  after  being  thoroughly  mixed  with  the  desired  quantity  of 
water  was  placed  in  the  containers  by  allowing  it  to  fall  into 
the  cans  from  a definite  height.  It  was  scraped  off  even  with 
the  top  and  was  uniformily  packed  by  allowing  the  can  to  fall 
five  times  a distance  of  four  inches.  The  surface  was  leveled 
and  ten  holes  equal  distances  apart  and  of  equal  depths  were 
made  by  means  of  a spotting  board  (Fig.  l).  Five  cans  were  fill- 
ed at  the  same  time,  and  each  wqs  sown  with  a different  variety 

of  wheat.  After  planting,  fthe  surface  of  the  sand  was  covered 

with  a wax  mixture  made  as  follows;-  for  temperatures  30,  25, 

20  deg.  C . - 20  per  cent  vaseline  and  80  per  cent  commercial 
parawax;  15  and  10  deg.  C.  - 60  per  cent  vaseline  and  40 


per 


4 


cent  parawax.  The  wax  after  melting  was  allowed  to  cool  to  near 
the  coagulation  point  before  it  was  poured  on  the  surface.  The 
cans  were  placed  in  cases  maintained  at  a constant  temperature, 
and  left  for  the  following  periods;  30  Deg.  C.  - 8 days,  25  Deg.  C. 
- 10  days,  20  Deg.  C.  - 14  days,  15  Deg.  C.  - 16  days,  and 
10  Deg.  C.  - 21  days.  Preliminary  experiments  having  shown  that 
these  periods  gave  ample  time  for  germination  and  growth.  The 
appearance  of  the  plumules  was  noted  each  day.  At  the  end  of  the 
growth  period  the  cans  were  removed  from  the  constant  temperat- 
ure cases,  the  wax  top  taken  off,  and  seedlings  and  ungerminated 
seeds  removed.  The  ungerminated  seeds  were  examined  for  signs  of 
viability  and  notes  taken  on  the  different  varieties.  The  sand 
was  washed  from  the  roots  of  the  seedlings  and  the  length  of 
root  and  shoot  measured.  The  average  length  for  each  variety 
being  used  for  the  final  data.  Each  series  was  repeated  five 
times  so  the  final  results  are  based  on  the  average  of  fifty 
seeds  of  each  variety.  At  the  close  of  the  experiments  samples 
of  the  sand  were  dried  and  the  loss  in  moisture  during  the  per- 
iod of  germination  and  growth  was  determined.  The  loss  in  soil 
moisture  usually  was  12  per  cent  of  the  original  soil  moisture. 

The  sand  was  dried  and  again  used. 


■ 


. 

. 

t 

. 

5 


III  THE  E EJECT  OF  SOIL  MOISTURES  AND  OF  TEMPERATURES 
ON  TEN  VARIETIES  OF  WHEAT. 

In  connection  with  the  growth  of  wheat  at  different  temp- 
eratures, the  growth  curve  as  published  by  MacDougal  ( 16 ) is  of 
interest.  The  growth  curve  for  the  ten  varieties  shows  that  the 
shoot  growth  per  48  hours  is  similar  to  MacDougal *s  (Plate  A) 
growth  graph  as  to  general  outline,  but  not  in  detail  (Plate  B) . 
This  may  be  in  part  explained  by  the  fact  that  my  results  ex- 
press an  average  of  ten  varieties.  The  same  reason  will  probably 
explain  the  sharp  drop  that  MacDougal  obtains  in  his  graph  at 
26  Deg.  C.  before  reaching  the  peak  at  30  Deg.  C.  In  the  graph 
for  the  ten  varieties  a gradual  rise  is  found  from  10  to  20 
Deg.  C.  followed  by  a sharp  rise  to  25  Deg.  C.  and  continues 
with  a slight  lowering  to  30  Deg.  C.  MacDougal’ s graph  records 
practically  the  same  growth  from  10  to  15  Deg.  C.  and  is  follow- 
ed by  a more  rapid  increase,  reaching  the  highest  point  at  30 
Deg.  C.  It  should  be  noted  that  the  root  growth  does  not  in- 
crease in  proportion  to  the  shoot  growth  at  the  higher  temperat- 
ures. 

In  the  following  tabulation  of  results,  germination  above 
79  per  cent  has  been  regarded  as  high,  a shoot  growth  26  mm. 
longer  than  the  shortest  taken  as  a.  base,  has  been  regarded  as 
large;  and  root  growth  11  mm.  larger  than  the  base  variety  has 
been  regarded  as  large. 


. 

- ■ 


, ■ 


. 


■ 


l 


' 


, 


6 


Ten  Per  Cent  Moisture. 
The  per  cent  of  germination  is  high  for 
Illinois  No.  1,  Marquis,  Gladden 
Turkey  Red,  World’s  Champion 
Dawson’s  Golden  Chaff 
Red  Cross 
Indiana  Swamp 
Michigan  Amber 
Red  Wave 

The  shoot  growth  is  large  for 
Illinois  No.  1 
Gladden,  Michigan  Amber 
Indiana  Swamp 
Red  Wave 

World's  Champion 

Dawson’s  Golden  Chaff,  Red  Cross 

Turkey  Red 

Marquis 

The  root  growth  is  large  for 
Dawson's  Golden  Chaff 
Illinois  No.  1 
World's  Champion 
Gladden,  Michigan  Amber 
Red  Cross, 

Turkey  Red 

Indiana  Swamp,  Red  Wave 
Marquis 


Deg 

c 

J. 

at 

10 

15 

20 

25 

30 

at 

10 

15 

20 

25 

at 

10 

20 

25 

30 

at 

10 

15 

20 

30 

at 

10 

15 

20 

at 

15 

20 

at 

10 

15 

at 

10 

20  25 

30 

at 

10 

15 

30 

at 

10 

25 

30 

at 

10 

30 

a t 

10 

15 

at 

30 

at 

10 

at 

at 

10 

15 

20 

30 

at 

10 

25 

30 

at 

15 

20 

25 

at 

10 

30 

at 

25 

30 

at 

10 

25 

at 

30 

at 

7 


Twenty  Per  Cent  Moisture. 
The  per  cent  of  germination  is  high  for 


Dawson’s  Golden  Chaff,  Illinois  No.  1, 

Deg.  C 

• 

Marquis 

at 

10 

15 

20 

25 

30 

J Turkey  Red,  World's  Champion 

at 

10 

15 

20 

25 

Gladden 

at 

10 

15 

25 

30 

J Red  Cross 

at 

10 

15 

25 

Michigan  Amber 

at 

10 

15 

20 

Indiana  Swamp 

at 

10 

20 

Red  Wave 

at 

The  shoot  growth  is  large  for 

Indiana  Swamp,  Michigan  Amber, 

World's  Champion 

at 

10 

15 

20 

25 

Gladden,  Red  Wave 

at 

10 

15 

20 

Illinois  No.  1,  Red  Cross 

at 

25 

30 

Dawson’s  Golden  Chaff,  Turkey  Red 

at 

25 

Marquis 

at 

30 

The  root  growth  is  large  for 

Dawson's  Golden  Chaff 

at 

10 

15 

20 

25 

Illinois  No.  1 

at 

15 

20 

25 

Turkey  Red 

at 

20 

25 

30 

Marquis 

at 

25 

30 

World's  Champion 

at 

15 

25 

Michigan  Amber 

at 

10 

Indiana  Swamp 

at 

20 

Red  V/ave 

at 

30 

Red  Cross,  Gladden 

at 

' 


, 


< 


8. 


Thirty  Per  Cent  Moisture. 


The  per  cent  of  germination  is  high  for 

Deg.  C 

i. 

Dawson’s  Golden  Chaff 

at 

10 

15 

20 

25 

30 

World’s  Champion 

at 

10 

15 

20 

25 

Marquis 

at 

10 

15 

20 

Gladden 

at 

10 

15 

Illinois  No.  1 

at 

15 

20 

Red  Cross,  Turkey  Red,  Red  Wave 

at 

15 

Michigan  Amber 

at 

20 

Indiana  Swamp 

at 

The  shoot  growth  is  large  for 

Michigan  Amber,  World’s  Champion 

at 

10 

15 

20 

25 

30 

Dawson’s  Golden  Chaff,  Gladden, 

Indiana  Swamp,  Red  Wave 

at 

10 

20 

25 

30 

Marquis 

at 

10 

20 

25 

Illinois  No.  1 

at 

20 

25 

Turkey  Red 

at 

25 

Red  Cross 

at 

30 

The  root  growth  is  large  for 

Dawson's  Golden  Chaff,  Michigan  Amber, 

World ’ s Champi on 

at 

10 

15 

20 

25 

30 

Gladden 

at 

10 

15 

25 

30 

Indiana  Swamp 

at 

10 

20 

25 

30 

Illinois  No.  1 

at 

15 

20 

25 

Marquis 

at 

10 

20 

25 

Red  Wave 

at 

10 

25 

30 

Turkey  Red 

at 

15 

25 

Red  Cross 


at 


9. 

Forty  Per  Cent  Moisture. 

The  per  cent  of  germination  is  high  for 

Deg. 

C. 

- Turkey  Red 

at 

10 

15 

20 

25 

30 

Dawson’s  Golden  Chaff,  Illinois  No.  1, 

Marquis,  Red  Cross,  Gladden, 

World's  Champion 

at 

10 

15 

20 

25 

Michigan  Amber 

at 

10 

15 

20 

Indiana  Swamp 

at 

10 

15 

Red  Wave 

at 

15 

20 

The  shoot  growth  is  large  for 

Michigan  Amber 

at 

10 

15 

25 

30 

Illinois  No.  1 

at 

15 

20 

25 

30 

World's  Champion 

at 

10 

20 

25 

30 

Red  Cross,  Turkey  Red 

at 

20 

25 

30 

Gladden 

at 

10 

25 

30 

Red  Wave 

at 

10 

20 

30 

Dawson's  Golden  Chaff 

at 

20 

25 

Indiana  Swamp 

at 

10 

30 

Marquis 

at 

The  root  growth  is  la,rge  for 

Dawson's  Golden  Chaff,  Illinois  No.  1 

at 

10 

15 

20 

25 

Turkey  Red,  World's  Champion 

at 

15 

20 

25 

30 

Marquis 

at 

15 

20 

25 

Red  Cross 

at 

15 

25 

Indiana  Swamp 

at 

10 

25 

30 

Gladden 

at 

25 

Michigan  Amber 

at 

10 

Red  Wave 

at 

10 


Fifty  Per  Cent  Moisture. 

The  per  cent  of  germination  is  high  for  Deg.  C. 


Marquis,  World’s  Champion 

at 

10 

15 

20 

25 

Dawson’s  Golden  Chaff,  Gladden 

at 

15 

20 

25 

30 

Turkey  Red 

at 

10 

15 

20 

Illinois  No.  1 

at 

15 

20 

30 

Red  Cross,  Michigan  Amber 

at 

10 

15 

Indiana  Swamp 

at 

15 

Red  Wave 

at 

The  shoot  growth  is  large  for 

World’s  Champion 

at 

10 

15 

20 

25 

30 

Michigan  Amber 

at 

10 

15 

25 

30 

Gladden 

at 

10 

15 

20 

25 

Indiana  Swamp,  Red  Wave 

at 

10 

15 

25 

Marquis 

at 

10 

25 

30 

Turkey  Red 

at 

10 

20 

25 

Dawson’s  Golden  Chaff 

at 

20 

25 

30 

Illinois  11  o.  1 

at 

25 

30 

Red  Cross 

at 

The  root  growth  is  large  for 

Marquis,  World’s  Champion 

at 

10 

15 

20 

25 

30 

Dawson’s  Golden  Chaff 

at 

15 

20 

25 

30 

Gladden 

at 

10 

15 

20 

Red  Wave 

at 

10 

15 

25 

Illinois  No.  1 

at 

20 

25  30 

Michigan  Amber 

at 

10 

15 

Turkey  Red 

at 

10 

20 

Red  Cross 

at 

10 

Indiana  Swamp 

at 

15 

. 

, 


I 


11 


IV  THE  EFFECT  OF  DIFFERENT  SOIL  MOISTURES  AND  OF 
TEMPERATURES  ON  EACH  VARIETY  OF  WHEAT. 
Dawson’s  Golden  Chaff, 


The  per  cent  of  germination  is  high  with 

Deg'. 

C. 

20,  30  per  cent  moisture 

at 

10 

15 

20 

25 

30 

10  " " " 

at 

10 

20 

25 

30 

40 

at 

10 

15 

20 

25 

50 

at 

15 

20 

25 

30 

The  shoot  growth  is  large  with 

30  per  cent  moisture 

at 

10 

20 

25 

30 

50  « « « 

at 

20 

25 

30 

40 

at 

20 

25 

10 

at 

30 

20 

at 

25 

The  root  growth  is  large  with 

30  per  cent  moisture 

at 

10 

15 

20 

25 

30 

20,  40  " w " 

at 

10 

15 

20 

25 

10 

at 

10 

15 

20 

30 

50 

at 

15 

20 

25 

30 

12 


Illinois  No*  1* 


The  per  cent  of  germination  is  high  with 

Deg. 

C. 

10,  20  per  cent  moisture 

at 

10 

15 

20 

25 

30 

40  11  " " 

at 

10 

15 

20 

25 

50 

at 

15 

20 

30 

30 

at 

15 

20 

The  shoot  growth  is  large  with 

10  per  cent  moisture 

at 

10 

20 

25 

30 

40  ••  » m 

at 

15 

20 

25 

30 

20,  50 

at 

25 

30 

30 

at 

20 

25 

The  root  growth  is  large  with 

40  per  cent  moisture 

at 

10 

15 

20 

25 

20,  30  " w " 

at 

15 

20 

25 

10 

at 

10 

25 

30 

50 

at 

20 

25 

30 

13 


Marquis . 

The  per  cent  of  germination  is  high  with 


Deg.  C. 


10, 

20 

per  i 

cent 

moisture 

at 

10 

15 

20 

25 

30 

40, 

50 

II 

ii 

ii 

at 

10 

15 

20 

25 

30 

at 

10 

15 

20 

The  shoot 

growth  ie 

i large  with 

30 

per 

cent 

mois 

iture 

at 

10 

20 

25 

50 

n 

m 

ii 

at 

10 

25 

30 

20 

at 

30 

10, 

40 

at 

The  root  growth  is 

large  with 

50 

per 

cent 

moisture 

at 

10 

15 

20 

25 

30 

30 

<t 

H 

ti 

at 

10 

20 

25 

40 

at 

15 

20 

25 

20 

at 

25 

30 

10 

at 

14 


Red  Cross, 

The  per  cent  of  germination  is  high  with  Deg,  C. 


10 

per 

cent 

moisture 

at 

10 

15 

20 

30 

40 

n 

n 

it 

at 

10 

15 

20 

25 

20 

at 

10 

15 

25 

50 

at 

10 

15 

30 

at 

15 

The  shoot 

growth  is  large  with 

20 

per 

cent 

moisture 

at 

25 

30 

40 

n 

n 

n 

• 

at 

20 

25 

10. 

30 

at 

30 

50 

at 

The  root  growth  is  large  with 

40 

per 

cent 

moisture 

at 

15 

25 

10 

n 

ii 

n 

at 

25 

30 

50 

at 

10 

20, 

30 

at 

. 


, 


15 


Turkey  Red, 


The  per  cent  of  germination  is  high  with 

Deg. 

C. 

40  per  cent  moisture 

at 

10  15 

20 

25 

30 

10,  20  " " M 

at 

10  15 

20 

25 

50 

at 

10  15 

20 

30 

30 

at 

15 

The  shoot  growth  is  large  with 


50 

per 

cent 

moisture 

at 

10 

20 

25 

40 

M 

n 

it 

at 

20 

25 

30 

10 

at 

10 

20, 

30 

at 

25 

• root  growth  is  large  with 

40 

per 

cent 

moisture 

at 

15 

20 

25 

30 

20 

II 

n 

at 

20 

25 

30 

50 

at 

10 

20 

10 

at 

10 

25 

30 

at 

15 

25 

. 


, , 


16 


Gladden. 


The  per  cent  of  germination  is  high  with 

Deg. 

C. 

10  per  cent  moisture 

at 

10 

15 

20 

25 

30 

20  " " « 

at 

10 

15 

25 

30 

40 

at 

10 

15 

20 

25 

50 

at 

15 

20 

25 

30 

30 

at 

10 

15 

The  shoot  growth  is  large  with 

30  per  cent  moisture 

at 

10 

20 

25 

30 

50  M «»  " 

at 

10 

15 

20 

25 

20 

at 

10 

15 

20 

10 

at 

10 

15 

30 

40 

at 

10 

25 

30 

The  root  growth  is  large  with 

30  per  cent  moisture 

at 

10 

15 

25 

30 

50  w " '• 

at 

10 

15 

20 

10 

at 

10 

30 

40 

at 

25 

at 


20 


17. 


Indiana  Swamp. 

The  per  cent  of  germination  is  high  with  Deg.  C. 


10  per  cent  moisture 

at 

10 

15 

20 

20  " " •» 

at 

10 

20 

40 

at 

10 

15 

50 

at 

15 

30 

at 

The  shoot  growth  is  large  with 

20  per  cent  moisture 

at 

10 

15 

20 

25 

30  " " " 

at 

10 

20 

25 

30 

10 

at 

10 

25 

30 

50 

at 

10 

15 

25 

40 

at 

10 

30 

The  root  growth  is  large  with 

30  per  cent  moisture 

at 

10 

20 

25 

30 

40  ••  «•  »• 

at 

10 

25 

30 

10 

at 

30 

20 

at 

20 

50 

at 

15 

. 


- 


. 


' 


18 


Michigan  Amber, 


The  per  cent  of  germination  is  high  with 

Deg 

c 

• 

20,  40  per  cent  moisture 

at 

10 

15 

20 

50  M " « 

at 

10 

15 

10 

at 

15 

20 

30 

at 

20 

The  shoot  growth  is  large  with 

30,  50  per  cent  moisture 

at 

10 

15 

20 

25 

30 

20  " »»  » 

at 

;o 

15 

20 

25 

40 

at 

10 

15 

25 

30 

10 

at 

10 

15 

30 

The  root  growth  is  large  with 

30  per  cent  moisture 

at 

10 

15 

20 

25 

30 

50  " M " 

at 

10 

15 

10 

at 

10 

30 

20,  40 

at 

10 

. 

, 

. 


19 


Red  Wave, 


The  per  cent  of  germination  is  high  with 

Dec 

c 

. 

10  per  cent  moisture 

at 

10 

15 

o 

3 

at 

15 

20 

30 

at 

15 

20,  50 

at 

The  shoot  growth  is  large  with 

30  per  cent  moisture 

at 

10 

20 

25 

o 

3 

at 

10 

20 

20 

at 

10 

15 

20 

50 

at 

10 

15 

25 

10 

at 

10 

The  root  growth  is  large  with 

50  per  cent  moisture 

at 

10 

15 

25 

30  M « •» 

at 

10 

25 

10,  20 

at 

40 

at 

30 

30 

30 

30 

30 


. 


20. 


World’s  Champion. 


The  per  cent  of  germination  is 

high  with 

Deg. 

, C 

» 

10,  20,  30,  40,  50  per  cent 

moisture 

at 

10 

15 

20 

25 

The  shoot  growth  is  large  with 

50,  30  per  cent  moisture 

at 

10 

15 

20 

25 

30 

40  » " " 

at 

10 

20 

25 

30 

20 

at 

10 

15 

20 

25 

10 

at 

10 

15 

The  root  growth  is  large  with 

50,  30  per  cent  moisture 

at 

10 

15 

20 

25 

30 

o 

5 

at 

15 

20 

25 

30 

10,  20 

at 

15 

20 

25 

21 


Explanation  of  Abbreviations  used  in  Tables 
and  Graphs, 


Per  Cent  of  Germination 

Per  cent  of  seeds  producirg  seed- 
lings with  plumule  one  half  inch 
or  longer. 

Per  Cent  of  Viable  Seeds 

Per  cent  of  seeds  producing  growth 

30  Deg . C . 

30  Degrees  Centigrade. 

50%'  moisture 

50  per  cent  soil  moisture. 

Shoot  Growth 

Number  of  mm.  longer  than  the 
shortest  variety  taken  as  a base. 

Root  Growth 

Number  of  mm.  longer  than  the 
shortest  variety  taken  as  a base. 

Varieties  used  in  order  of  Reference. 
Dawson’s  Golden  Chaff.  Gladden. 


Illinois  No.  1. 

Indiana  Swamp. 

Marquis . 

Michigan  Amber. 

Red  Cross. 

Red  Wave. 

Turkey  Red. 

World's  Champion. 

. 


22 


Table  I. 


Per  Cent  of  Germination. 


w 

n 

tr* 

r-  1 

»-3 

Q 

H 

ED 

P 

» 

H* 

3 

M- 

6 

3 

<-> 

CD 

*-i 

P 

CD 

O 

CD 

CO 

M- 

►O 

CD 

• 

3* 

H* 

o 

3 

C 

O 

® 

CD 

« 

2^ 

a 

3 

O 

VJ- 

*C 

a 

CO 

P' 

<• 

-* 

H* 

co 

O 

d 

S3 

< 

CO 

o 

CD 

CO 

i 

a 

o 

CO 

D1 

o 

i-y 

CD 

►5 

® 

tv 

• 

o 

1$ 

o 

• 

• 

1— 1 

• 

30  Deg. 

C.  5Q£  moisture 

86 

92 

76 

62 

92 

80 

62 

66 

68 

74 

40 M « 

58 

64 

48 

60 

80 

76 

64 

60 

64 

74 

30 

84 

58 

50 

34 

44 

64 

76 

72 

62 

72 

20 

84 

94 

88 

74 

52 

80 

76 

70 

66 

68 

10 

84 

90 

82 

82 

28 

86 

66 

62 

70 

62 

25  " 

" 50 

90 

78 

84 

70 

70 

84 

76 

70 

70 

82 

40 

94 

96 

82 

88 

86 

82 

66 

60 

52 

80 

30 

84 

78 

78 

54 

68 

74 

72 

70 

68 

80 

20 

92 

90 

88 

90 

84 

86 

68 

76 

78 

86 

10 

82 

92 

80 

68 

90 

84 

74 

68 

70 

82 

20 

50 

82 

88 

86 

72 

86 

86 

72 

72 

62 

88 

40 

86 

92 

82 

92 

84 

80 

68 

86 

80 

84 

30 

84 

90 

82 

70 

56 

66 

78 

80 

74 

92 

20 

90 

86 

86 

78 

92 

76 

60 

84 

68 

86 

10 

82 

96 

80 

96 

82 

82 

90 

84 

78 

90 

15 

50 

94 

84 

80 

84 

88 

88 

84 

88 

74 

88 

40 

90 

94 

88 

94 

88 

80 

86 

84 

80 

84 

30 

92 

94 

84 

88 

94 

88 

74 

78 

80 

92 

20 

92 

92 

92 

84 

88 

90 

72 

90 

76 

86 

10 

74 

88 

92 

96 

92 

94 

82 

86 

90 

88 

10 

50 

68 

56 

94 

94 

84 

78 

78 

90 

76 

92 

40 

88 

86 

94 

82 

90 

84 

88 

82 

74 

86 

30 

84 

66 

90 

62 

56 

84 

72 

78 

78 

92 

20 

86 

90 

80 

82 

96 

96 

88 

88 

78 

82 

10 

86 

88 

82 

88 

88 

84 

88 

74 

94 

92 

23 


Table  II. 


Per  Cent  of  Viable  Seeds. 


u 

M 

w 

»-3 

Q 

M 

p 

H* 

p 

CD 

P 

H* 

3 

H- 

CD 

o 

S3 

(-1 

►4 

CL 

P 

CL 

O 

CL 

CO 

H* 

K 

O. 

• 

3' 

o 

3 

3 

O 

o 

CL 

« 

Cl 

3 

O 

*4 

<< 

CD 

CO 

p 

— 

*• 

H- 

CD 

O 

3 

<t 

CD 

CO 

CD 

CD 

U) 

B 

CD 

CD 

CD 

O 

O 

CL 

*o 

CD 

3* 

• 

O 

hi 

1 

o 

• 

M 

• 

30  Deg. 

C.  50^  moisture 

36 

94 

80 

82 

92 

82 

63 

74 

76 

80 

40 " " 

76 

72 

68 

62 

82 

80 

70 

70 

66 

78 

30 

86 

78 

84 

72 

56 

80 

78 

78 

70 

76 

20 

84 

96 

94 

74 

60 

86 

84 

72 

68 

74 

10 

86 

90 

86 

82 

32 

90 

68 

70 

78 

66 

25  " 

" 50 

94 

78 

86 

80 

88 

84 

76 

70 

72 

84 

40 

94 

96 

84 

88 

88 

84 

70 

64 

56 

80 

30 

86 

88 

83 

68 

76 

78 

72 

76 

76 

82 

20 

92 

92 

88 

90 

84 

88 

68 

80 

80 

88 

10 

82 

92 

80 

68 

90 

84 

74 

78 

74 

82 

20 

50 

82 

92 

86 

76 

86 

88 

74 

72 

66 

90 

40 

92 

94 

86 

92 

84 

86 

68 

88 

82 

90 

30 

88 

96 

90 

88 

92 

70 

80 

82 

80 

92 

20 

94 

83 

90 

80 

92 

82 

84 

84 

74 

92 

10 

84 

98 

90 

98 

84 

88 

90 

88 

78 

90 

15 

50 

94 

86 

82 

86 

86 

90 

86 

92 

76 

92 

40 

90 

94 

88 

96 

90 

82 

92 

84 

82 

86 

30 

94 

94 

88 

90 

94 

88 

84 

88 

82 

92 

20 

94 

94 

96 

84 

92 

94 

76 

90 

76 

86 

10 

84 

96 

96 

98 

92 

94 

86 

86 

90 

90 

10 

50 

90 

88 

96 

96 

84 

84 

86 

94 

80 

92 

40 

88 

90 

98 

90 

92 

84 

90 

84 

78 

88 

30 

86 

88 

94 

86 

72 

86 

73 

80 

82 

92 

20 

86 

92 

90 

82 

98 

96 

90 

94 

86 

38 

10 

86 

92 

88 

92 

88 

88 

88 

76 

96 

92 

' 

24 


Table  III 


Growth 

of 

Roots 

in 

mm. 

t) 

n 

K 

H 

CP 

n 

m 

P3 

M 

P 

<i> 

P 

M 

p 

H- 

a> 

b 

H* 

Co 

•i 

P 

Co 

O 

Co 

>-* 

to 

H- 

lO 

CO 

• 

P4 

H* 

o 

3 

P 

o 

a 

Co 

4 

5^ 

CO 

p 

O 

H- 

>-i 

<< 

a> 

CO 

P 

«• 

H- 

CO 

c 

p 

> 

CO 

CO 

10 

ca 

W 

3 

a> 

02 

a 

o1 

a 

Q 

tej 

CO 

*o 

a> 

P* 

• 

o 

i 

o 

►d 

H 


30  Deg. 

C.  50$  moisture 

68 

62 

65 

52 

57 

58 

50 

54 

56 

61 

40"  " 

42 

44 

41 

48 

60 

50 

57 

48 

51 

61 

30 

69 

33 

35 

42 

42 

50 

54 

59 

61 

58 

20 

60 

54 

68 

62 

70 

60 

56 

63 

73 

63 

10 

66 

64 

55 

65 

49 

63 

69 

60 

63 

59 

25  " 

" 50 

73 

80 

74 

56 

66 

65 

65 

66 

70 

76 

40 

78 

62 

64 

69 

74 

60 

60 

59 

49 

69 

30 

75 

61 

60 

42 

54 

62 

74 

63 

71 

76 

20 

85 

82 

82 

77 

89 

68 

71 

72 

70 

79 

10 

74 

82 

72 

78 

79 

71 

75 

66 

67 

80 

20 

50 

84 

77 

73 

67 

78 

72 

68 

64 

61 

79 

40 

88 

85 

30 

73 

90 

70 

67 

69 

74 

80 

30 

84 

67 

76 

54 

48 

56 

72 

64 

57 

82 

20 

80 

78 

73 

70 

86 

71 

81 

74 

67 

80 

10 

82 

75 

76 

67 

76 

70 

72 

73 

68 

80 

15 

50 

79 

69 

78 

71 

65 

78 

78 

80 

77 

86 

40 

79 

86 

81 

77 

78 

74 

70 

72 

64 

77 

30 

81 

81 

68 

71 

78 

79 

65 

75 

64 

85 

20 

77 

77 

66 

66 

69 

65 

65 

74 

72 

79 

10 

76 

63 

69 

62 

72 

71 

67 

71 

72 

74 

10 

50 

62 

54 

74 

70 

72 

67 

62 

68 

70 

73 

40 

84 

77 

71 

63 

68 

69 

74 

78 

62 

70 

30 

75 

51 

74 

56 

46 

70 

71 

78 

69 

77 

20 

79 

65 

62 

65 

71 

72 

63 

75 

70 

70 

10 

76 

66 

64 

55 

72 

68 

58 

70 

62 

65 

25 


Table  IV. 

Growth  of  Shoots  in  mm. 


n 

t.*1 

hi 

# 

H3 

Q 

n 

g 

t— * 

P 

a 

P 

M 

a 

M* 

a> 

O 

3 

H1 

a. 

** 

P 

Q. 

O 

►1 

CO 

H- 

*Q 

IN' 

D. 

. 

a' 

H 

o 

a 

p 

o 

a> 

Cu 

• 

Q. 

a 

O 

H- 

<< 

<h 

Ui 

p 

— 

— 

H* 

CO 

o 

a 

jg 

< 

to 

0) 

to 

CO 

id 

m 

g 

a 

CO 

a> 

§ 

O 

Q 

a. 

►d 

CD 

gf 

• 

o 

. 

S 

o 

• 

r-> 

• 

30  Deg. 

G.  50$ 

moisture  133 

184 

184 

148 

154 

171 

158 

131 

162 

177 

40" 

" 113 

134 

101 

126 

128 

152 

163 

134 

147 

150 

30 

178 

93 

73 

110 

88 

117 

152 

176 

155 

140 

20 

150 

163 

168 

170 

144 

137 

134 

147 

138 

132 

10 

144 

157 

116 

146 

97 

144 

147 

153 

141 

112 

25  " 

" 50 

198 

225 

177 

132 

169 

219 

215 

220 

213 

233 

40 

224 

201 

184 

191 

215 

201 

171 

202 

164 

210 

30 

214 

176 

162 

122 

154 

199 

216 

205 

193 

207 

20 

216 

207 

178 

213 

214 

202 

211 

231 

199 

224 

10 

197 

217 

132 

205 

205 

192 

211 

195 

133 

204 

20 

50 

198 

132 

182 

161 

195 

204 

180 

134 

177 

201 

40 

205 

197 

178 

181 

205 

175 

155 

179 

131 

181 

30 

178 

158 

146 

113 

91 

160 

180 

185 

166 

190 

20 

150 

166 

142 

155 

161 

181 

169 

199 

180 

180 

10 

195 

208 

179 

172 

187 

177 

176 

195 

173 

190 

15 

50 

132 

120 

128 

111 

124 

178 

166 

197 

174 

174 

40 

143 

172 

155 

140 

139 

155 

153 

183 

144 

163 

30 

143 

150 

129 

130 

142 

149 

126 

157 

140 

158 

20 

100 

113 

94 

97 

99 

134 

121 

156 

136 

148 

10 

105 

124 

115 

111 

121 

132 

113 

136 

126 

147 

10 

50 

103 

84 

118 

109 

118 

134 

117 

142 

130 

136 

40 

103 

110 

105 

92 

102 

126 

123 

148 

113 

134 

30 

114 

74 

117 

87 

71 

135 

115 

149 

128 

127 

20 

109 

105 

93 

87 

102 

135 

117 

139 

125 

123 

10 

87 

102 

93 

72 

103 

127 

110 

131 

112 

125 

. 

■ .... i: 

■ 

1 

. 

26 


V DISCUSSION. 

All  ten  varieties  of  wheat  seem  to  give  high  per  cent  of 
germination  with  10,  20,  40  per  cent  soil  moistures  and  at  10, 
15,  20  Deg.  C.  The  greatest  variation  seems  to  occur  at  25  and 
30  Deg.  C.  and  with  50  and  50  per  cent  soil  moisture. 

The  per  cent  of  germination  of  Turkey  Fed  (Plate  II)  is 
interesting  especially  at  30  Deg.  C.  A difference  of  64  per 
cent  is  shown  between  the  results  with  10  (28$)  and  50  (92 %) 
per  cent  soil  moisture.  The  per  cent  of  germination  with  30  per 
cent  soil  moisture  is  high  only  at  15  Deg.  C.  The  per  cent  of 
germination  for  Red  Cross  (Plate  GG)  with  30  per  cent  soil 
moisture  is  high  only  at  15  Deg.  C.  The  per  cent  of  germination 
is  generally  low  with  all  soil  moistures  at  30  Deg.  C.  as  can 
he  seen  for  Indiana  Swamp  (Plate  MM),  Michigan  Amber  (Plate  00), 
Red  Ware  (Plate  Q.Q.) , and  World’s  Champion  (Plate  SS)  . Dawson’s 
Golden  Chaff  (Plate  AA)  has  a high  per  cent  of  germination  with 
10,  20,  30,  50  per  cent  soil  moisture  at  30  Deg.  C.  and  Illinois 
No.  1 (Plate  CC)  and  Gladden  (Plate  KK)  with  three  soil  moist- 
ures, 10,  20,  and  50  per  cent  soil  moisture. 

The  per  cent  of  germination  for  World’s  Champion  (Plate 
SS)  has  only  an  average  variation  of  8 per  cent  between  the 
different  soil  moistures  at  the  same  temperature.  This  would 
seem  to  show  that  in  World’s  Champion  temperature  is  a more 
important  factor  in  determining  the  per  cent  of  germination 
than  is  soil  moisture.  The  per  cent  of  germination  for  Turkey 
Red  (Plate  II)  has  an  average  variation  of  34  per  cent  between 
the  different  soil  moistures  at  the  same  temperature. 


27 


Considering  the  performance  of  the  varieties  at  the  five 
soil  moistures  and  five  temperatures,  Llarquis  (Plate  EE)  and 
Dawson’s  Golden  Chaff  (Plate  AA)  have  22  out  the  possible  25 
above  79  per  cent,  Illinois  No*  1 (Plate  CC)  and  World’s  Champ 
ion  (Plate  SS)  have  20.  Other  varieties  have  few  as  Red  Wave 
(Plate  0,0,)  has  only  5 and  Indiana  Swamp  (Plate  ISM)  6.  This 
shows  that  some  varieties  are  much  better  adapted  to  a wide 
range  of  soil  moisture  and  of  temperature  conditions. 

The  per  cent  of  germination  is  four  per  cent  higher  in  the 
seeds  showing  signs  of  vitality  than  the  seeds  having  suffic- 
ient vigor  to  produce  seedlings.  There  would  probably  be  a much 
greater  difference  if  compared  with  seeds  germinated  under  con- 
ditions such  as  Plaster  Paris  blocks  or  Rag  Dolls. 

Seedsmen  frequently  find  that  thru  carelessness  the  var- 
iety names  on  seed  in  stock  have  been  interchanged.  Seedsmen 
sometimes  try  to  introduce  what  they  think  is  a new  variety, 
but  is  really  only  an  old  variety  renamed.  Hew  varieties  must 
be  tested  for  two  years  or  more  in  field  plots  before  they  can 
be  recommended  for  general  use.  Such  considerations  point  out 
clearly  the  need  for  a method  of  making  variety  tests  in  the 
laboratory  which  will  be  rapid,  and  which  can  be  done  before 
seeding  time.  Such  results  should  be  collaborated  by  field 
tests.  The  germination  results  here  given  unquestionably  show 
that  some  varieties  can  be  distinguished  by  laboratory  tests, 
however  some  can  be  distinguished  with  much  less  work  than  oth- 
ers. Thus  Turkey  Red  (Plate  II)  might  be  identified  from  all 
the  other  varieties  by  comparing  the  per  cent  of  germination  at 
30  Deg.  C.  with  10  and  50  per  cent  soil  moisture,  as  only  in 


•*  r* 


' 

. 

r ■>-  ' ' 


28 


Turkey  Red  is  there  a difference  of  64  per  cent.  This  is  per- 
haps the  variety  which  can  be  most  easily  distinguished,  but 
others  could  be  as  may  be  seen  by  an  examination  of  the  ger- 
mination results. 

VI  CONCLUSIONS. 

The  per  cent  of  germination  is  high  in  Dawson’s  Golden 
Chaff  over  a wide  range  of  temperature  and  soil  moistures. 

The  per  cent  of  germination  is  high  for  Illinois  No.  1 
with  low  moistures  thruout  all  the  temperatures,  and  high 
moistures  at  15  and  20  Deg.  C. 

The  per  cent  of  germination  is  high  for  Marquis  thruout 
all  moistures  and  temperatures  except  high  moistures  at  30  Deg. 
C. 

The  per  cent  of  germination  is  low  for  Red  Cross  under 
most  of  the  moisture  and  temperature  conditions.  The  per  cent 
of  germination  is  consistently  high  at  low  temperatures. 

The  per  cent  of  germination  is  high  for  Turkey  Red  with 
high  or  low  moistures  at  low  and  medium  temperatures. 

Except  with  high  moistures,  the  per  cent  of  germination  is 
high  for  Gladden  with  all  temperatures  and  with  all  moistures. 

The  per  cent  of  germination  is  high  for  Indiana  Swamp  at 
low  temperatures. 

The  per  cent  of  germination  is  high  for  Michigan  Amber  at 
low  temperatures. 

The  per  cent  of  germination  is  high  for  Red  Wave  at  low 
temperatures  and  with  low  moistures. 

The  per  cent  of  germination  is  high  for  World's  Champion 
at  all  temperatures,  except  30  Deg.  C.,  and  with  all  moistures. 


, • w'',; 


. 


, 


29 


Acknowledgement . 

I find  it  a pleasant  duty  to  acknowledge  my  gratitude  to 
Professor  Charles  F.  Hottes  for  his  kindly  advice,  and  for  his 
continued  interest  and  encouragement  thruout  the  experimental 
work;  I am  also  deeply  indebted  to  him  for  the  ideal  he  has 
shown  me  of  how  a teacher  may  take  as  much  interest  in  anoth- 
er’s work  as  if  it  were  his  wwn. 


< 


30 


VII  BIBLIOGRAPHY . 

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2.  Briggs,  L.  J.  and  Shantz,  H,  L., 

1914  Water  Requirement  of  Plants.  Jour.  Agr.  Res.  3:0. 

3.  Briggs,  L.  J.  and  Shantz,  H.  L., 

1911  A Wax  Seal  Method  for  Determining  the  lower  limit  of 
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4.  Burl is on,  W.  L.  and  Stark,  R.  W. , 

1919  Spring  Wheat  for  Illinois,  Univ.  of  111.  Agr.  Exper. 
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5.  Call,  L.  E.  and  Hallsted,  A.  L., 

1916  Relation  between  Humidity  and  Yield  of  Winter  Wheat  in 
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6.  Cannon,  W.  A., 

1918  Evaluation  of  the  Soil  Temperature  Factor  in  Root 
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7.  Cloate,  H.  A., 

1921  Chemical  Changes  in  Wheat  during  Germination.  Bot. 

Gaz.  71:409. 

8.  Gericke,  W.  F., 

1921  Influence  of  Temperature  on  the  Relation  between  Hutri- 
ent  Salt  Proportions  and  early  Growth  of  Wheat.  Amer. 
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9.  Gutzeit,  E. , 

1908  Versuche  uber  das  Schossen  der  Ruben  und  anderer 
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10.  Harris,  F.  S., 

1914.  Ratio  of  Tops  to  Roots  in  Plants.  Amer.  Soc.  Agron. 

6:68. 

11.  Harris,  F.  S., 

1914  Effects  of  Variations  in  Moisture  Content  on  certain 

Properties  of  a soil  and  on  the  Growth  of  Wheat.  IT.  Y. 
Cornell  Univ.  Agr.  Exper.  Sta.  Bulletin  352:805. 

12.  Karris,  F.  S.,  and  Maughan,  H.  J., 

1917  Effect  of  Soil  Moisture  on  Certain  Factors  in  Y/heat 
Production.  Utah  Agr.  Exper.  Sta.  Eulletin  152: 


t • 


t 


51 


13.  Hilgard , E.  V., 

1914  Comparison  of  Root  Development  in  Arid  and  Humid 
Regions.  Soils  p.  168-176.  MacMillan  Co. 

14.  Hutcheson,  T.  B.  and  Quantz,  K.  E., 

1917  Effect  of  Greenhouse  Temperatures  on  the  Growth  of 
Small  Grains,  /oner.  Soc.  Agron.  9:17. 

15.  Joao,  S.  E.  da, 

1920  Effect  of  Climate  on  Growth  of  Wheat  in  Portugal. 

Int.  Rev.  Sci.  and  Prac.  Agr.  11:8. 

16.  KacDougal,  D.  T., 

1917  Growth  of  Wheat.  Carn'egie  Inst,  of  Wash.  Yrbk.  p.  85. 

17.  MacDougal,  D.  T., 

1914  The  Measurement  of  Enviromic  Factors  and  Their  Bio- 
logic Effects.  Popular  Science  Monthly.  84:428. 

18.  Melikov,  P., 

1900  Investigation  of  the  Wheat  of  Southern  Russia. 

Zhur.  Opuitn.  Agron.  3:256. 

19.  Morgan,  J.  0., 

1911  Effect  of  Soil  Moisture  and  Temperature  on  the 

Availability  of  Plant  Nutrients  in  Soil.  Amer.  Soc. 
Agron.  3:191. 

20.  Mosier,  J.  G., 

1918  Climate  of  Illinois.  Univ.  of  111.  Agr.  Exper.  Sta. 
Bulletin  206:11. 

21.  Pieper,  H., 

1913  Einige  Versuche  und  Beobachtungen  aus  der  Samen-kcn- 
trolle.  Fuhlings  Landw.  Ztg.  62:361. 

22.  Seelhorst,  C.  von,t> 

1900  Neurer  Beitrage  zur  Frage  des  Einflusses  des  Wasser- 
gehalts  des  Bodens  auf  die  entwicklung  der  Pflanzen. 
Jour,  fur  Landwirtschaft  48:165. 

23.  Seelhorst,  C.  von  and  Freckman,  W. , 

1903  Der  Einfluss  des  Wassergehal tes  des  Bodens  auf  die 

Erten  und  die  Ausbildung  verschiedener  Getreide-Var- 
i eta  ten-  Jour,  fur  Landw.  51:253. 

24.  Seelhorst,  C.  von  and  Krzymowski,  Doctor,  >( 

1909  Die  Bewurzelung  verschiedener  Sommerweizen-Varietaten 

Jour,  fur  Landw.  57:115. 

25.  Thatcher,  R.  W., 

1911  Relation  of  Protein  Content  of  Wheat  to  Rainfall. 
Amer.  Soc.  Agron.  3:42. 


32 


26.  Tolsky,  A., 

1901  Influence  of  different  Temperatures  on  the  Growth  of 
Roots.  Zhur.  Opuitn.  Agron.  6:733. 

27.  Transeau,  E.  N., 

1906  Bogs  of  Huron  River.  Bot.  Gaz.  41:17. 

28.  University  of  Illinois,  State  Water  Survey, 


1915 

Analysis  of  the  Mineral  Content  of  Tap  Water  of  the 
University  of  Illinois.  Lab.  No.  30466. 

29.  Widtsoe,  J.  A., 


1902 

Irrigation  Investigations,  Utah  Agr.  Exper.  Sta. 
Bulletin  80:148. 

. 


33, 


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